Novel Compound for Treatment of Severe Hypoglycemia

ABSTRACT

The present invention provides a novel compound useful in the treatment of hypoglycemia.

The present invention relates to a compound with improved solubility and physical and chemical stabilities over human glucagon for use in treating diabetes and/or obesity.

Human glucagon, which has the following amino acid sequence: His-Ser-Gln-Gly-Thr-Phe-Thr-Ser-Asp-Tyr-Ser-Lys-Tyr-Leu-Asp-Ser-Arg-Arg-Ala-Gln-Asp-Phe-Val-Gln-Trp-Leu-Met-Asn-Thr (SEQ ID NO: 1), is a 29 amino acid peptide hormone produced in the pancreas. When blood glucose begins to fall, glucagon signals the liver to break down stored glycogen into glucose for release into the bloodstream, causing blood glucose level to rise.

In a subject with diabetes, hypoglycemia can arise as a side effect of diabetes treatment. In addition, the natural glucagon response to hypoglycemia in diabetics may be impaired, making it harder for glucose levels to return to the normal range. If left untreated, severe or acute hypoglycemia can cause serious issues such as seizures, unconsciousness, brain damage, or even death.

Administration of glucagon is an established therapy for treating acute hypoglycemia. Emergency glucagon administration can restore normal glucose levels within minutes of administration. Glucagon prepared for administration, however, has several problems. In aqueous buffers at or near physiological pH, glucagon has poor solubility. When formulated at low or high pH, glucagon also demonstrates poor chemical stability and poor physical stability such as gelation and soluble aggregate formation. To minimize these problems, current commercial glucagon products are provided as a lyophilized powder with instructions to reconstitute at the time of administration. In an emergency situation, reconstituting a lyophilized powder is burdensome and inconvenient. Thus, it is desirable to provide a compound for therapeutic use that maintains the biological performance of human glucagon under physiological conditions while also exhibiting sufficient aqueous solubility, chemical stability and physical stability under non-physiological conditions.

Glucagon analogs with amino acid substitutions to improve solubility and stability in acidic and physiological pH buffers are disclosed in WO2008086086. There is still a need for a compound that maintains the biological performance of human glucagon under physiological conditions while also exhibiting sufficient solubility and chemical and physical stabilities under non-physiological conditions.

Accordingly, the present invention provides a compound which maintains wild-type glucagon activity but also exhibit sufficient solubility as well as chemical and physical stability. The present invention also provides a compound which is suitable for pump and/or emergency administration. In addition, the present invention provides a compound that can be administered in combination with a fast-acting insulin analog in a dual-chamber pump to provide closed-loop glycemic control.

The present invention provides a compound comprising the amino acid sequence

His-Ala-Gln-Gly-Thr-Phe-Leu-Ser-Asp-Tyr-Ser-Lys-Tyr-Leu-Asp-(Aib)-Lys-Lys-Ala-Gln-Glu-Phe-Val-Glu-Trp-Leu-Leu-Lys-Thr-Gly-Pro-Ser-Ser-Gly-Ala-Pro-Pro-Lys-Ser-Lys-NH₂ (SEQ ID NO: 2). The present invention also provides a compound consisting of the amino acid sequence

His-Ala-Gln-Gly-Thr-Phe-Leu-Ser-Asp-Tyr-Ser-Lys-Tyr-Leu-Asp-(Aib)-Lys-Lys-Ala-Gln-Glu-Phe-Val-Glu-Trp-Leu-Leu-Lys-Thr-Gly-Pro-Ser-Ser-Gly-Ala-Pro-Pro-Lys-Ser-Lys-NH₂ (SEQ ID NO: 2). Unexpectedly, it has been found that the compound of the present invention exhibits increased aqueous solubility, increased chemical stability, and reduced fibrillation as compared to human glucagon in aqueous solution. In addition, the compound of the present invention demonstrates enhanced solubility at pH in the 5-7 range. The compound of the present invention also provides similar activity as human glucagon—e.g., potency, time of action, and selectivity at the glucagon receptor as compared to human glucagon. Thus, the compound of the present invention is suitable to treat hypoglycemia, including severe or acute hypoglycemia. The improved properties of the compound of the present invention also allow for the preparation of glucagon in aqueous solutions for pump administration and severe hypoglycemia treatment.

The present invention further provides a method of treating hypoglycemia in a subject comprising administering a compound comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2. The present invention also provides a method of treating hypoglycemia in a subject comprising administering a compound consisting of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:2. The present invention a further provides a compound comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2 for use in therapy. The present invention also provides a compound consisting of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2 for use in therapy. The present invention also provides a compound comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2 for use in the treatment of hypoglycemia. The present invention also provides a compound consisting of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2 for use in the treatment of hypoglycemia. The present invention provides a compound comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2 for use in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of hypoglycemia. The present invention also provides a compound consisting of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2 for use in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of hypoglycemia.

The present invention provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound comprising an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2 and a pharmaceutically acceptable buffer. The present invention also provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound consisting of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2 and a pharmaceutically acceptable buffer. The present invention also provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound comprising an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2 and a histidine buffer. The present invention also provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound consisting of an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2 and a histidine buffer. The present invention also provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2 and histidine. The present invention also provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound consisting of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2 and histidine. The present invention also provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound comprising an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2 and histidine-buffered saline. The present invention also provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound consisting of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2 and histidine-buffered saline. The pharmaceutical composition is preferably an aqueous solution. As used herein, the term “pharmaceutically acceptable buffer” is understood to encompass any of the standard pharmaceutical buffers known to those skilled in the art. Pharmaceutically acceptable buffer for parenteral administration include, for example, physiological saline, phosphate-buffered saline, citrate-buffered saline, and histidine-buffered saline. Standard pharmaceutical formulation techniques may be employed such as those described in Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mack Publishing Company, Easton, Pa.

The compound of the present invention can be administered using any standard route of administration, such as parenterally, intravenously, subcutaneously, intramuscularly, or transdermally. In an embodiment, the compound of the present invention is administered subcutaneously or intramuscularly.

The pharmaceutical composition can have a pH that is physiologically acceptable. In an embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition can have a pH ranging from about 4 to about 8. More preferably, the pharmaceutical composition can have a pH of about 5 to about 6.

A dose for the compound of the present invention can range from about 0.01 mg to about 100 mg. The dose can range from about 0.01 mg to about 10 mg. The dose can also range from about 0.1 mg to about 3 mg. In addition, the dose can range from about 0.01 mg to about 0.03 mg.

The compound of the present invention can be provided as part of a kit. In an embodiment, the kit is provided with a device for administering the compound to a human subject. More preferably, the kit comprises a syringe and needle for administering the compound. Most preferably, the compound is pre-formulated in aqueous solution within the syringe.

The compound of the present invention can also be used in a pump system, such as an insulin pump or a bi-hormonal (e.g., insulin-glucagon) pump system.

As used herein, the term “effective amount” is understood to mean an amount that produces a desired therapeutic effect without causing unacceptable side effects when administered to a subject. For example, an “effective amount” of a compound of the present invention is the quantity that would result in greater control of blood glucose concentration than in the absence of treatment. An “effective amount” of a compound of the present invention administered to a subject may depend on the type and severity of the disease and on the characteristics of the subject including, without limitation, general health, age, sex, body weight, tolerance to drugs, and the severity of inability to regulate blood glucose.

As used herein, the term “treating” is understood to mean amelioration of the symptoms associated with a specific disorder or condition, such as hypoglycemia.

The amino acid sequences of the present invention contain the standard single letter or three letter codes for the twenty naturally occurring amino acids. Additionally, “Aib” is alpha amino isobutyric acid.

As used herein, “fibrillation” refers to gelation and soluble aggregate formation observed when glucagon is formulated at low or high pH.

EXAMPLE 1 Peptide Synthesis

The compound of SEQ ID NO: 2 is generated by solid-phase peptide synthesis on a Protein Technologies Inc. Symphony. Synthesis (0.125 mmol scale) is performed on Fmoc-Rink amide polystyrene resin (Rapp Polymere Tubingen, Germany) with substitution approximately0.68 mmol/g. The synthesis is performed using the Fmoc main-chain protecting group strategy. Amino acid side-chain derivatives used are: Asp(O-tert-butyl, OtBu), Gln(Trityl, Trt), Glu(OtBu), His(Trt), Lys(tert-butoxy-carbonyl, Boc), Ser(OtBu), Thr(OtBu), Trp(Boc), and Tyr(OtBu). Coupling is carried out with approximately 10 equivalents of amino acid activated with diisopropylcarbodiimide (DIC) and hydroxybenzotriazole (HOBt) (1:1:1 molar ratio) in dimethylformamide (DMF). Coupling is carried out for 90 minutes to 4 hours at room temperature.

Concomitant cleavage from the resin and side chain protecting group removal is carried out in a solution containing trifluoroacetic acid (TFA):triisopropylsilane:1,2-ethanedithiol:water:thioanisole 90:4:2:2:2 (v/v) for 2 h at room temperature. The solution is filtered and peptide is precipitated with cold diethyl ether and centrifuged at 4000 rpm for 3 min (cold ether washing repeated for three times). Crude peptide is redissolved in 40 mL of water containing 10% acetic acid and purified on a C₁₈ reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) column (Waters SymmetryPrep 7 μm, 19×300 mm) at a flow rate of 18 mL/min Sample is eluted with a linear AB gradient of 15 to 55% B over 100 minutes where A=0.05% TFA/H₂O and B=0.04% TFA/acetonitrile. Product generally elutes at about 26-28% acetonitrile. Peptide purity and molecular weight is confirmed on an Agilent 1100 Series liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) system with a single quadrupole MS detector. Analytical HPLC separation is done on a Waters SymmetryShield RP18, 3.5 μm, 4.6 mm×100 mm column with a linear AB gradient of 10 to 100% B over 15 minutes in which A=0.05% TFA/H₂O and B=0.04% TFA/40% H₂O/60% acetonitrile and the flow rate is 0.7 mL/min (wavelength of 220 ηm). The compound is purified to >95% purity and is confirmed to have molecular weight corresponding to the calculated value within 1 atomic mass unit (amu).

The TFA salt is converted to the acetate salt using AG 1-X8 Resin (Bio-RAD, acetate form, 100-200 mesh, 3.2 meq/dry g, moisture content 39-48% by wt) (anion exchange resin). For example, 422 mg peptide is dissolved in 120 mL of 30% Acetonitrile/H₂O. 40 g resin (about 100 fold molar ratio to positive charges of the peptide) is added. The mixture solution is mixed by rotary stirring at room temperature for 1 hour. The mixture solution is filtered, and the resin is washed 5 times with 30% ACN/H₂O. The original solution and washed solution are combined and lyophilized.

Solubility and Chemical Stability

The compound of SEQ ID NO: 2 is dissolved in H₂O to a 10 mg/mL concentration (peptide content), filtered through a 0.22 μm filter (Millex, SLGV004SL), and then diluted to 1 mg/mL in Buffer P5 (10 mM Histidine, 150 mM NaCl in H₂O, pH 5.0) or Buffer P6 (10 mM Histidine, 150 mM NaCl in H₂O, pH 6.0). Each solution is transferred to three vials and autoclaved. Samples are then maintained at 4° C., 30° C. and 40° C. Samples are visually assessed at different time points for turbidity and phase separation. Stability of the compound is assessed by analytical reverse phase HPLC (RP-HPLC) on a Phenomenex Aeris Widepore, 3.6 μm, XB-C18 4.6×100 mm column (P/NO 00D-4482-E0) heated at 60° C. with a AB (A=0.05% TFA/H₂O; B=0.04% TFA/acetonitrile) gradient of 5% B isocratic over 5 min, 5 to 25% B over 20 minutes, 25 to 30% B over 30 min, and 30 to 45% B over 10 min with a flow rate of 1.2 mL/min (wavelength of 220 ηm).

The compound of SEQ ID NO: 2 maintains good solubility at 4° C., 30° C. and 40° C. at pH 5 (Buffer P5) and pH 6 (Buffer P6) over 4 weeks both by visual assessment and by RP-HPLC. Physical appearance is clear to colorless, with no opalescences and no particles. Recovery by RP-HPLC is quantitative as demonstrated in Table 1.

TABLE 1 Total 4° C. Total 30° C. Total 40° C. Total 30° C. vs 4° C. 40° C. vs 4° C. Peak Area Peak Area Peak Area Peak Area Recovery Recovery Buffer day 0 4 wk 4 wk 4 wk 4 wk 4 wk P5 4903 4933 4932 4932 100% 100% P6 4885 4918 4911 4960 100% 101%

The compound of SEQ ID NO: 2 also maintains chemical stability at pH 5 (Buffer P5) and pH 6 (Buffer P6) when maintained at 4° C., 30° C. and 40° C. for 4 weeks. As demonstrated in Table 2, assessment of the samples by RP-HPLC indicates main peak changes of less than 1% for both, at pH 5 (Buffer P5) and pH 6 (Buffer P6) after 4 weeks at 30° vs. 4° C., less than 6% at pH 5 (Buffer P5) after 4 weeks at 40° C. vs. 4° C., and less than 4% at pH 6 (Buffer P6) after 4 weeks at 40° C. vs. 4° C.

TABLE 2 % Main 4° C. 30° C. 40° C. Peak % Main % Main % Main Buffer Day 0 Peak Peak Peak P5 99.55 98.01 97.07 92.64 P6 99.02 98.60 97.71 95.00

Physical Stability Test Using Thioflavin T Binding Assay

Fibrillation is a common problem when glucagon is formulated in aqueous solution. To assess the level of fibrillation of the compound of the present invention, a Thioflavin T binding assay is performed.

The compound of SEQ ID NO: 2 is dissolved in various test buffers at 1 mg/mL in 2.5 mL Fisher vials with a flat bottom (Fisher FS60965D) containing a flea sized stirring bar (Fishers Catalog #1451364). Test buffers are prepared in H₂O and are all adjusted to pH 6.0:

-   Buffer 1=20 mM Histidine -   Buffer 2=10 mM Histidine, 150 nM NaCl -   Buffer 3=10 mM Histidine, 300 mM sorbitol -   Buffer 4=10 mM Histidine, 0.02% Tween 80 -   Buffer 5=10 mM Histidine, 300 mM Arginine -   Buffer 6=10 mM Histidine, 300 mM sucrose

In addition, human glucagon (SEQ ID NO: 1) is dissolved in a 12 mg/mL glycerol solution at pH 2.8 to a final glucagon concentration of 1 mg/mL. All samples are mechanically stressed at 25° C. in a magnetic stir plate set at 300 rpm. Aliquots of the different samples (100 μL each aliquot and done in triplicates) are taken at time points 0, 40 and 120 hours, and are added to a plate followed by 10 μL of a 1 mM Thioflavin T (T35516-25G, Sigma Aldrich) (1 mM stock solution in H₂O, pH 2.8) Samples are incubated for 30 min Fluorescence is measured using a Spectramax M5 (Moleculer Devices) using 440 ηm as the excitation wavelength, and the emission wavelength is set at 480 ηm with a 475 ηm cut off and automatic sensitivity adjustment. Raw data is collected with Softmax Pro 5.4.1 (Molecular Devices) and imported to Excel. The average of the 3 wells per each time point becomes the reported fluorescence units shown in Table 3 below:

TABLE 3 Sample t = 0 h t = 40 h t = 120 h SEQ ID NO: 2 in Buffer 1 74.6 76.9 89.2 SEQ ID NO: 2 in Buffer 2 130.1 137.3 137.0 SEQ ID NO: 2 in Buffer 3 68.1 71.4 72.4 SEQ ID NO: 2 in Buffer 4 51.9 56.2 57.4 SEQ ID NO: 2 in Buffer 5 113.9 120.0 123.2 SEQ ID NO: 2 in Buffer 6 78.0 74.1 88.9 Human glucagon (SEQ ID NO: 1) in 37.9 620.4 1416.3 12 mg/mL glycerol, pH 2.8 Buffer 1 33.4 36.4 34.2 Buffer 2 30.8 32.7 31.7 Buffer 3 34.5 36.5 36.2 Buffer 4 27.0 28.8 26.8 Buffer 5 43.8 46.1 44.7 Buffer 6 51.0 52.8 55.0 12 mg/mL glycerol, pH 2.8 28.2 31.4 29.4 As shown in Table 3, the compound of SEQ ID NO: 2 maintains physical stability at 25° C. and pH 6 in the presence of mechanical stress as assessed by both visual assessment and Thioflavin T binding assays. The compound of SEQ ID NO: 2 did not demonstrate fibrillation as measured by the Thioflavin T binding assay.

Effects of Compound on Blood Glucose Levels in C57/B16 Male Mice

To determine the effects of the compound of SEQ ID NO: 2 on blood glucose levels, the compound is administered to C57/B16 mice. Three month old male C57BL6 mice (Harlan Laboratories) are used Animals are individually housed in a temperature-controlled (24° C.) facility with a 12 hour light/dark cycle, and have free access to food and water. After 1 week acclimation to the facility, mice are randomized to treatment groups (n=4/group). Test compound is formulated in Buffer 2 (see Physical stability test using Thioflavin T binding assay). On the morning of test, food is removed at 08:00 AM. Two hours after food is removed, the test compound is given subcutaneously at 0, 1, 3 or 10 μg/kg doses. Blood glucose is measured at time 0, 15, 30, 60 and 120 minutes after test compound administration with an ACCU-CHECK® (Roche Diagnostics) glucometer. Table 4 shows the glucose values at different time points. Results are expressed as mean±standard error mean (SEM) of 4 mice per group.

ED₅₀ is calculated on the 30 minute glucose measurements. Blood glucose levels at 10 μg/kg of compound of SEQ ID NO: 2 is taken as the maximum value. For the compound of SEQ ID NO: 2, the ED50 is 3.28 μg/kg (95% confidence interval). The results demonstrate that the compound of SEQ ID NO: 2 is able to increase blood glucose.

TABLE 4 Blood glucose levels (mg/dL) after dosing with compound of SEQ ID NO: 2 Time (minutes) 0 μg/kg 1 μg/kg 3 μg/kg 10 μg/kg 0 141.0 ± 2.0 165.3 ± 16.7 148.0 ± 4.6 155.4 ± 10.1 15 185.1 ± 11.5 212.0 ± 12.6 234.1 ± 9.8 270.0 ± 12.7 30 193.5 ± 14.6 203.1 ± 13.1 242.1 ± 8.3 308.5 ± 2.6 60 170.8 ± 6.2 169.9 ± 10.1 169.4 ± 7.3 212.4 ± 8.3 120 140.2 ± 3.0 141.0 ± 4.2 148.2 ± 10.9 152.4 ± 1.5

Human Glucagon Receptor Binding Assay

The binding of the compound of SEQ ID NO: 2 is determined by using a 293HEK cell line overexpressing the human glucagon receptor (hGR) (Lok S et al. Gene 140 (2), 203-209 (1994); GenBank: L20316).

Crude plasma membranes are prepared using cells from suspension or adherent culture. The cell pellets are lysed on ice in a hypotonic homogenization buffer (25 mM Tris HCl, pH 7.5, 1 mM MgCl₂, and Roche Complete™ Inhibitors without EDTA (Roche, 11873580001)) with DNAase at 20 μg/ml (Invitrogen, 18047-019). The cell suspension is homogenized with a glass dounce homogenizer using a Teflon pestle for 25 strokes. The homogenate is centrifuged 1800×g at 4° C. for 15 min. The supernatant is collected and the pellet is resuspended in hypotonic homgenization buffer (without DNAse) and re-homogenized. The mixture is centrifuged at 1800×g for 15 min. The second supernatant is combined with the first supernatant and centrifuged at 1800×g for 15 min to clarify. This clarified supernatant is further centrifuged at 25000×g for 30 min at 4° C. The membrane pellet is resuspended in hypotonic homogenization buffer (without DNAse) and stored as frozen aliquots at −80° C. until use.

Human glucagon is radioiodinated by ¹²⁵I-lactoperoxidase procedure and purified by reversed phase HPLC at Perkin-Elmer/NEN (NEX207). The specific activity is about 2200 Ci/mmol. K_(D) determination is performed by homologous competition instead of saturation binding due to high propanol content in the ¹²⁵I-labelled glucagon material. The K_(D) is estimated to be 1.24 ηM and is used to calculate Ki values for all compounds tested.

The receptor binding assay is carried out using a Scintillation Proximity Assay (SPA) (Sun, S., Almaden, J., Carlson, T. J., Barker, J. and Gehring, M. R. Assay development and data analysis of receptor-ligand binding based on scintillation proximity assay. Metab Eng. 7:38-44 (2005)) with wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) beads (Perkin-Elmer) previously blocked with 1% fatty acid free bovine serum albumin (BSA) (Gibco, 7.5% BSA). Glucagon (SEQ ID NO: 1) and compound (SEQ ID NO: 2) are dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) at a concentration of 2 mM and stored frozen at −20° C.

Glucagon and compound of SEQ ID NO: 2 are serially diluted into DMSO. 10 μL of diluted samples are transferred into Corning 3632 clear bottom assay plates containing 40 μL assay Binding Buffer (25 mM 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazineethanesulfonic acid (HEPES), pH 7.4, 2.5 mM CaCl₂, 1 mM MgCl₂, 0.1% fatty acid free BSA, 0.003% Tween20, and Roche Complete Inhibitors without EDTA) or cold glucagon (non-specific binding (NSB) at 1 μM final). 90 μL membranes (3 μg/well), 50 μL ¹²⁵I-labelled Glucagon (0.15 ηM final concentration in reaction), and 50 μL of WGA beads (150 μg/well) are added. DMSO concentration does not exceed 4.2%. Plates are sealed, mixed end over end, and read with a MicroBeta® scintillation counter after 12 hours of settling time at room temperature.

Results are calculated as a percent of specific ¹²⁵I-labelled glucagon binding in the presence of compound. The absolute IC₅₀ concentration of compound is derived by non-linear regression of percent specific binding of ¹²⁵I-labelled glucagon vs. the concentration of sample added (8.5×10⁻¹² to 0.5×10⁻⁷ mol/L). The IC₅₀ dose is converted to Ki using the Cheng-Prusoff equation (Cheng Y., Prusoff W. H., Biochem. Pharmacol. 22: 3099-3108 (1973)). The Ki of the compound of SEQ ID NO: 2 was 0.397±0.062 ηM (n=7) for hGR binding (Ki for human glucagon was 1.66±0.09 ηM (n=47) for hGR binding). This data demonstrates that the compound of SEQ ID NO: 2 binds to hGR with increased affinity compared to human glucagon and may activate that receptor, in turn triggering glucagon-dependent physiological responses.

Mouse Glucagon Receptor Binding Assay

To determine whether the compound of SEQ ID NO: 2 binds to the mouse glucagon receptor (mGR), a binding assay as essentially described in the Human Glucagon Receptor Binding Assay is performed. Crude plasma membranes are prepared from 293HEK cells in suspension culture expressing a cloned mGR. ((Burcelin R, Li J, Charron M J. Gene 164 (2), 305-10 (1995) GenBank: L38613). Membrane pellets are prepared as described in the Human Glucagon Receptor Binding Assay, resuspended in homogenization buffer and stored as frozen aliquots at −80° C. until use.

Human glucagon is radioiodinated by ¹²⁵I-lactoperoxidase procedure and purified by reversed phase HPLC at Perkin-Elmer/NEN (NEX207). The specific activity is about 2200 Ci/mmol. K_(D) determination is performed by homologous competition instead of saturation binding due to high propanol content in the ¹²⁵I-labelled glucagon material. The K_(D) is estimated to be 2.05 ηM and is used to calculate Ki values for all compounds tested.

The SPA receptor binding assay and calculation of the results are carried out as described in the Human Glucagon Receptor Binding Assay. The Ki of the compound of SEQ ID NO: 2 was 0.494±0.054 ηM (n=7) for mGR binding(Ki for human glucagon was 1.37±0.07 ηM (n=33) for mGR binding). This data demonstrates that compound of SEQ ID NO: 2 binds to mGR with increased affinity compared to human glucagon and may activate that receptor, in turn triggering glucagon-dependent physiological responses.

Glucagon-Like-Peptide 1 Receptor Binding Assay

To determine whether the compound of SEQ ID NO: 2 binds to the human glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor (hGLP-1R), a binding assay as essentially described in the Human Glucagon Receptor Binding Assay is performed. Crude plasma membranes are prepared from 293HEK suspension cells expressing a cloned human glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor (hGLP-1R) (Graziano M P, Hey P J, Borkowski D, Chicchi G G, Strader C D, Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 196 (1):141-6 (1993) GenBank: NM_002062) isolated from 293HEK membranes. Membrane pellets are prepared as described in the Human Glucagon Receptor Binding Assay, resuspended in homogenization buffer and stored as frozen aliquots at −80° C. until use.

Glucagon-like peptide 1 amide (GLP-1 amide) (SEQ ID NO: 3) is radioiodinated by the ¹²⁵I-lactoperoxidase procedure and purified by reversed phase HPLC at Perkin-Elmer/NEN (NEX308). The specific activity is about 2200 Ci/mmol. K_(D) determination is performed by homologous competition instead of saturation binding due to high propanol content in the ¹²⁵I-labelled GLP-1 material. The K_(D) is estimated to be 0.329 ηM and is used to calculate Ki values for all compounds tested.

The SPA receptor binding assay and calculation of the results are carried out as described in the Human Glucagon Receptor Binding Assay with the exception that radioiodinated GLP-1 amide is used instead of the radioiodinated glucagon of the Human Glucagon Receptor Binding Assay.

The Ki of the compound of SEQ ID NO: 2 was 1221±78 ηM (n=6) for hGLP-1R binding and the Ki of the glucagon (SEQ ID NO: 1) was 2098±91 (n=17) (Ki for human GLP-1 7-36 amide was 0.427±0.169 ηM (n=64) for hGLP-1R binding). This data demonstrates that the compound of SEQ ID NO: 2 binds to hGLP-1R with low affinity and thus does not initiate GLP-1R-mediated physiological responses.

Glucose-Dependent Insulinotropic Peptide Receptor Binding Assay

To determine whether the compound of SEQ ID NO: 2 binds to the glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide receptor (GIP-R), a binding assay as essentially described in the Human Glucagon Receptor Binding Assay is performed. Crude plasma membranes are prepared from suspension Chinese Hamster Ovary cells (CHO-S) expressing human GIP-R (R (Usdin, T. B., Gruber, C., Modi, W. and Bonner, T. I., GenBank: AAA84418.1) using cells from suspension culture. Membrane pellets are prepared as described in the Human Glucagon Receptor Binding Assay, resuspended in homogenization buffer and stored as frozen aliquots at −80° C. until use.

GIP (SEQ ID NO: 4) is radioiodinated by the I-125-lactoperoxidase procedure (Markalonis, J. J., Biochem. J. 113:299 (1969)) and purified by reversed phase HPLC at Perkin-Elmer/NEN (NEX-402). The specific activity is 2200 Ci/mmol. K_(D) determination is performed by homologous competition using cold human GIP instead of saturation binding. The K_(D) is estimated to be 0.174 ηM and is used to calculate Ki values for all compounds tested.

The SPA receptor binding assay and calculation of the results are carried out as described in the Human Glucagon Receptor Binding Assay with the exception that radioiodinated GIP is used instead of the radioiodinated glucagon of the Human Glucagon Receptor Binding Assay.

The Ki of the compound of SEQ NO: 2 was 1054±167 ηM (n=7) for human GIP-R binding and the Ki of glucagon (SEQ ID NO: 1) was >3010 (n=1) (Ki for human GIP 1-42 was 0.279±0.021 ηM, n=2). This data demonstrates that the compound of SEQ ID NO: 2 binds to hGIP-R with low affinity and thus does not initiate hGIP-R-mediated physiological responses.

Human Glucagon Receptor Stimulated cAMP Functional Assay.

The hGR stimulated cAMP functional assay uses the same cloned hGR expressing cell line as used for the hGR binding assay described above in the Human Glucagon Receptor Binding Assay. Cells are stimulated with glucagon, buffer controls, or Test samples, and the cAMP generated within the cell is quantitated using the CisBio cAMP Dynamic 2 HTRF Assay Kit (62AM4PEC). Briefly, cAMP levels within the cell are detected by binding to the cAMP-d2 capture antibody in the presence of cell lysis buffer. A second detection antibody provided in the kit, anti-cAMP Cryptate, is added to create a competitive sandwich assay. When the detection antibody complex formed there is an increase in the signal that is measured on a Perkin-Elmer Envision® instrument.

The hGR-HEK293 cells are harvested from sub-confluent tissue culture dishes with Enzyme-Free Cell Dissociation Solution (Specialty Media 5-004-B). The cells are pelleted at 100×g at room temperature for 5 minutes then washed twice with phosphate buffered saline (PBS). The washed cell pellet is resuspended at 1×10⁷ cells/ml in Recovery™ Freeze Media (Gibco 2044) and frozen in liquid nitrogen. On the day of treatment, a frozen aliquot of cells is transferred into pre-warmed Resuspension Cell Media (DMEM, Gibco (31053P) containing 0.5% defined FBS (Hyclone SH30070); 20 mM HEPES, pH 7.4; and 2 mM Glutamine). The cells are then pelleted at 100×g at room temperature for 5 minutes. The supernatant is removed and the cell pellet is resuspended in Cell Media (DMEM, Gibco (31053P) with 0.1% fatty acid-free bovine serum albumin, BSA, 7.5%, (Gibco 15620); 20 mM HEPES, pH 7.4, and 2 mM Glutamine) at 1.25×10⁵ cells/ml. Test samples are prepared as 2 mM stocks in DMSO and frozen at −20° C. until needed. Glucagon, buffer controls and compound of SEQ ID NO: 2, are serially diluted into DMSO followed by a step-down dilution into Compound Dilution Media (Assay Media (DMEM, Gibco 31053P with 0.1% fatty acid-free bovine serum albumin, BSA, 7.5%, (Gibco 15620); 20 mM HEPES, pH 7.4, and 2 mM Glutamine) that contains 500 μM IBMX). The reaction is performed in 40 μL, by adding 20 μL of cells (2500 cell/well) or cAMP standard curve samples to 96 Well plate Half Area Black plates (Costar 3694), followed by addition of 20 μL of either 2× concentrated glucagon, buffer controls or compound of SEQ ID NO: 2 in Compound Dilution Media. Final DMSO concentration does not exceed 1.1%, and final IBMX concentration is 250 μM. The reaction is stopped by addition of 20 μL of the cAMP-d2-capture antibody (CisBio) diluted into the CisBio lysis buffer then gently mixed in TITERTEK shaker. After 5 minutes of lysis, 20 μL of the detection antibody, anti-cAMP Cryptate (CisBio), is added and mixed at 600 rpm for 1 minute, then shaken at 300 rpm. The lysed cell and antibody mixtures are read after 1 hour at room temperature using the Perkin-Elmer Envision®. Envision® units were converted to pmol/L cAMP/well using the cAMP standard curve. The picomoles of cAMP generated in each well is converted to a percent of the maximal response observed with the glucagon control. A relative EC₅₀ value is derived by non-linear regression analysis using the percent maximal response vs. the concentration (0.17×10⁻¹² to 1×10⁻⁸M) of peptide added.

The compound of SEQ ID NO: 2 bound hGR with an EC₅₀ of 0.0356±0.0071 ηM (n=8) (EC₅₀ for human glucagon was 0.0142±0.0018 ηM, n=6). This data demonstrates that the compound of SEQ ID NO: 1 binds and activates hGR and can thereby initiate glucagon receptor-mediated physiological responses.

Sequence Listing Human glucagon: (SEQ ID NO: 1) His-Ser-Gln-Gly-Thr-Phe-Thr-Ser-Asp-Tyr-Ser- Lys-Tyr-Leu-Asp-Ser-Arg-Arg-Ala-Gln-Asp-Phe- Val-Gln-Trp-Leu-Met-Asn-Thr Example 1 (SEQ ID NO: 2) His-Ala-Gln-Gly-Thr-Phe-Leu-Ser-Asp-Tyr-Ser- Lys-Tyr-Leu-Asp-(Aib)-Lys-Lys-Ala-Gln-Glu- Phe-Val-Glu-Trp-Leu-Leu-Lys-Thr-Gly-Pro-Ser- Ser-Gly-Ala-Pro-Pro-Lys-Ser-Lys-NH₂ Human GLP-1: (SEQ ID NO: 3) His-Ala-Glu-Gly-Thr-Phe-Thr-Ser-Asp-Val-Ser- Ser-Tyr-Leu-Glu-Gly-Gln-Ala-Ala-Lys-Glu-Phe- Ile-Ala-Trp-Leu-Val-Lys-Gly-Arg-NH₂ Human GIP: (SEQ ID NO: 4) Tyr-Ala-Glu-Gly-Thr-Phe-Ile-Ser-Asp-Tyr-Ser- Ile-Ala-Met-Asp-Lys-Ile-His-Gln-Gln-Asp-Phe- Val-Asn-Trp-Leu-Leu-Ala-Gln-Lys-Gly-Lys-Lys- Asn-Asp-Trp-Lys-His-Asn-Ile-Thr-Gln 

1. A compound comprising the amino acid sequence of His-Ala-Gln-Gly-Thr-Phe-Leu-Ser-Asp-Tyr-Ser-Lys-Tyr-Leu-Asp-(Aib)-Lys-Lys-Ala-Gln-Glu-Phe-Val-Glu-Trp-Leu-Leu-Lys-Thr-Gly-Pro-Ser-Ser-Gly-Ala-Pro-Pro-Lys-Ser-Lys-NH₂ (SEQ ID NO: 2).
 2. The compound of claim 1, wherein the compound consists of the amino acid sequence of His-Ala-Gln-Gly-Thr-Phe-Leu-Ser-Asp-Tyr-Ser-Lys-Tyr-Leu-Asp-(Aib)-Lys-Lys-Ala-Gln-Glu-Phe-Val-Glu-Trp-Leu-Leu-Lys-Thr-Gly-Pro-Ser-Ser-Gly-Ala-Pro-Pro-Lys-Ser-Lys-NH₂ (SEQ ID NO: 2). 3-8. (canceled)
 9. A pharmaceutical composition comprising the compound of claim 1 and a pharmaceutically acceptable buffer.
 10. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 1, wherein the pharmaceutically acceptable buffer is histidine-buffered saline.
 11. A method of treating hypoglycemia in a subject comprising administering an effective amount of a compound of claim
 1. 12. A pharmaceutical composition comprising the compound of claim 2 and a pharmaceutically acceptable buffer.
 13. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 2, wherein the pharmaceutically acceptable buffer is histidine-buffered saline.
 14. A method of treating hypoglycemia in a subject comprising administering an effective amount of a compound of claim
 2. 